Scholars, Beware of Over-Studying. An Early Modern Case-History

Working at the Public Library in Geneva, I am surrounded by young undergraduates fervently reading, cross-marking & stabilo-bossing their coursework. I am amazed at how motivated and determined they are (possibly taking advantage of mild cognitive neuro enhancers* like italian coffee, or Rivella, the Swiss soft-drink and national treasure), in spite of the occasional side-line activities ranging from nose-blowing, non-verbal micro-talking to post-modernly incomprehensible courting & flirting.

But I wonder if they are aware how dangerous over-studying can become? Here is the story of a student who must have abused his daily dose of the early modern version of Aderal:

I have read that a young scholler [student] being in his studie, was taken with a strange imagination: for he imagined that his nose was so great and so long, as that he durst [dared] not stirre out of his place, lest he should dash it against something: and the more he was dealt with and disswaded, so much the more did he confirme himselfe in his opinion.

In the end a Phisition [Physician] having taken a great piece of flesh, and holding it in his hand secretly, assured him that he would heale him by and by, and that he must needes take away this great nose: and so upon the suddaine pinching his nose a little, and cutting the piece of flesh which he had, he made him believe that his great nose was cut away.

Excerpted from André Du Laurens, Discours des maladies mélancoliques (1594), trans. R. Surphlet, London, F. Klingston, 1599.


Robert Burton, in his Anatomy of Melancholy (1621) dedicated a long subsection of his First Partition to the excessive study as a serious cause of the melancholy disease. The title is self-explanatory:

Love of Learning, or overmuch study. With a digression of the misery of Scholars, and why the Muses are melancholy.

R. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, Partition 1, Section 2, Member 3, Subsection 15, available on-line via an 1807 edition digitized by Google Books.

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*On a sideline, and more seriously, problems brought by modern day cognitive neuro enhancers were discussed in an excellent New Yorker piece by Margaret Talbot : Brain Gain. The underworld of "neuroenhancing" drugs (with some useful comments by Jonah Lehrer on his blog).

 

 

Malachias Geiger 1652 book on Melancholy

In 1652 a German phyisican published a most extraordinary book on melancholy. It went beyond medicine and aimed at gathering together all that was known in connection to this illness:

Malachia Geiger, Microcosmus hypochondriacus, sive de Melancholia Hypochondriaca Tractatus, Monachii, apud L. Straub, 1652. [a digital copy is available at the BIUM digital library]

Hypochondria was considered to be an abdominal illness caused by an overabundance or plethora of black bile. This book gathers around the complex notion of melancholia a multitude of details about medicine, alchemy natural sciences, literature and mythology. It begins as a medicine book and evolves into a much more complex discourse. It represents the German couterpart to Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy.

Dealing with Early Modern curiosities about medicine and history, not knowing yet for which language I shall settle (French or English), I have  thus decided to use Microcosmus hypochondriacus as the title of my research blog. I'll be back with more details about this book.


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Charles Estienne & La Maison rustique

I didn’t mean this to be my first post, it just happened. I noticed a tweet from  @DaintyBallerina via @lucyinglis which reminded me of a Renaissance book I had come across while working on a chapter of my PhD. Instead of tweeting my remark, I decided to post a few more lines. Especially since it is rather difficult (and pointless ?) to use a shortener for long book titles. The title of the book was longer than 140 characters…

The tweet I mentioned referred to the  latest post on the Fragments blog focusing on Thomas Hill’s fascinating 16th c. book on gardening: The profitable arte of gardening, London: T. Marshe, 1563.

It reminded me of Charles Estienne’s (ca. 1504-1564) equally famous treatise on agriculture & hunting:

L’Agriculture et maison rustique de M. Charles Estienne,… en laquelle est contenu tout ce qui peut estre requis pour bastir maison champestre, nourrir et médeciner bestiail et volaille… Plus un bref recueil de la chasse et de la fauconnerie , Paris : J. Du Puis, 1564

Published for the first time in Paris in 1564, it comes from one of the most extraordinary Renaissance polymaths. A member of the respectable family of editors, son of Henri Estienne & brother of Robert Estienne, Charles is equally the author of a treatise on human Anatomy, practically cotemporary to Vesalius Fabrica, a Dictionarium historicum ac poeticum, a guidebook to all the routes of France (La Guide des chemins de France)…

De dissectione partium Corporis

The Maison rustique went on to become an editorial success throughout the 16th century. Revised editions were published well into the 18th century. (A 1658 copy is available via Google Books) The Maison rustique is to the French what Thomas Hill’s Arte of gardening was to the English. The treatise is meant to be the guidebook for noblemen in need to organise or reorganise their household. The first part offers advice as to the best position of the house:

Parce que (si possible est) faut choisir un lieu loin des marests, rivage de mer, & où ny le vent de Midy ny celuy de Bize, ny autres tels vents dangereux soufflent ordinairement (…) surtout qu’il soit près de quelque bon voisin, estant chose insupportale d’estre toujours en querelle avec un meschant voisin, qu’il soit fort esloignée de forteresses & lieux de garnisons, pour le danger de la tyrannie & incursions des gend’armes (…) (éd. 1658, p. 4)

It then provided advice as to how to choose well-suited household helps:

Eslisez un fermier entre deux aages, non maladif, puissant & robuste, & du mesme pays & terroir de vostre ferme (…) qui soit homme d’espargne & sobrieté (…) qui ne laisse rien trainer ny dechoir; soit le premier levé & le dernier couché; ne hante les marchez, foires des villages, si ce n’est pour ses necessitez. (…) Et n’est ja besoin qu’il sçache lire ny escrire [he does not need to know how to read or write] (…). Vostre fermier, encores qu’il ne doive estre letré, toutesfois par longue & asseurée exerience doit avoir quelque cognoissance des presages, des pluyes, des vents, du beau temps, des mutations & changemens du Ciel, des parties de toute l’anée, des qualitez d’icelle; des tempestes, orages, foudres, tonnerres, froidures, gelées & gresles; afin que selon les saisons oportunes, il mette la main à l’oeuvre, & fasse travailler ses ouvriers.

Once the perfect “profile” for the farmer is set, the author gives an account of the farmer’s wife ideal portrait:

J’entens aussi qu’elle soit obeyssate à Dieu & à son homme, mesnagere, serrante, diligente, paisible, aimant à ne bouger de la maison: douce aux siens quant il faut, & severe où il appartient, non querrelleuse, hargneuse, bavarde, lagagere, ny fetarde. (…) Qu’elle ait tousjours l’oeil sur les servantes, & soit la premiere en besogne, & la derniere qui en parte: la premiere levée & la derniere couchée (…)

She must know how to make bread and she will not throw away the wine marcs but use it to make an alcoholic drink for the servants, and keep the wine for her husband, the  mighty farmer, and for guests. She will also know how to cure diseases, with natural remedies, but shall leave the more serious preparations to the physicians and apothecaries from the nearby towns:

Or les remedes naturels, desquels elle s’aydera à secourir ses gens en leurs maladies, pourront estre tels ou semblables à ceux que je mettray par escrit en forme de receptaire rustique, laissant les autres plus exquis remedes aux Medecins des villes.

In the first place come the remedies to plague, for obvious reasons. It is the most dangerous of all cotagious diseases and a quick intervetion is needed. The woman is then to be preached some simple cures for fevers. She must equally learn how to treat a number of headaches (summer headaches, due to excessive heat and usually affecting the reapers, wine headaches or cold headaches), all sorts of eye related diseases, tooth aches (douleurs de dens, dents qui tremblen, dents noires, dents rouges…). I shall finish this post with a couple of details about how to treat those headaches, hoping my new blog did not give you one already:

Pour pacifier douleur de teste accompagnée de grande chaleur, telle qu’est celle qui advient aux moissonneurs durant l’esté, faut mettre sur le front tranches de courges, ou linge trempé en eau rose (…)

Si la teste fait mal après avoir beu (…) boire de la rasure de corne de cerf, avec eau de fontaine ou de riviere.

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In my next post I shall describe the choice of the blog’s title (microcosmus hypochondriacus).

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